BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

Multiple Choice Question on B cell Proliferation and Maturation (Immunology) 1) The lymphoid stem cells commit to B cell lineage and differentiate into pro-B cells in the bone marrow.  Which of the cell surface marker is expressed in pro-B cells? a) CD25 b) CD25R c) CD45 d) CD45R 2) Stromal cells present in the bone marrow are required for the proliferation and survival of B cells. Which of the following is the function of stromal cells? a) They interact with pro B cells via VCAM-1 ligand on the stromal cells. b) Stromal cells secrete IL-7 that induces the pro-B cell to mature into pre-B cells. c) Both of the above d) None of the above 3) During the B cell maturation, which of the following stage expresses a surrogate light chain complexed with the heavy chain? a) Pro-B cell b) Pre-B cell c) Immature B cell d) Mature B cell 4) Which of the following cell surface marker is not expressed throughout the B cell maturation process from Pro B cell to Mat...

Multiple Choice Question on Cytokines, Interferon & Interleukins 1) Cytokines regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response by activating or downregulating both innate and adaptive immune responses.  The mode of action of the cytokine is the following, Except ? a) Autocrine b) Paracrine c) Endocrine d) Cell-autonomous 2) The characteristic properties of cytokines are : a) pleiotropy and redundancy b) synergy and antagonism c) cascade induction and amplification d) All of the above 3) Which of the following class of cytokine receptors utilize G-protein coupled receptors for its downstream function? a) Chemokines receptor b) Hematopoietic receptor c) Interferon receptor d) None of the above 4) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an endogenous pyrogen that induces fever.  Which of the following statement is true regarding TNF, Except? a) TNF induces IL-1 production for induction of fever b) TNF induces the synthesis of prostaglan...

Multiple Choice Questions  on Host Defense Mechanism (Immunology) 1) Based on the principles of the ............................................. theory, each individual lymphocyte possesses a distinct membrane receptor tailored to a specific antigen. When the antigen binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers an immune response targeted specifically against that particular antigen. a) Clonal selection theory b) Instructional theory c) Selective theory d) Germ theory 2) Immunity is the defense mechanism of the body that protects against foreign pathogens. The immunity can be classified into innate immunity and acquired immunity.  Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning innate immunity? a) It exhibits a broad specificity against foreign antigens. b) It is present before exposure to antigens. c) It has memory cells. d) None of the above. 3) Which type of immunity develops after exposure to specific antigens? a) Acquired immunity  ...

                  Multiple Choice Questions on  Immune Tolerance & Autoimmunity 1) Which of the following options is the mechanism for induction of immune tolerance? a) Central Anergy b) Peripheral Anergy c) Clonal Anergy d) All of the above 2) The central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow.  Which of the following statements is true regarding central tolerance ? a) The positive selection occurs in the cortex before maturing and entering the circulation. b) The negative selection occurs in the medulla. c) The negative selection removes cells that have high affinities for self-antigen d) All of the above 3) After exiting the thymus, mature T cells are subjected to the secondary selection where most self-reactive T cells are deleted or rendered anergic. The process is known as ............................................? a) Central Anergy b) Peripheral Anergy c) Clonal Anergy d) All of the a...

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are crucial components of the immune system that play a vital role in defending the body against pathogens. Understanding the structure and function of immunoglobulins is essential for comprehending their importance in immune responses. Structure of Immunoglobulins: Immunoglobulins belong to a larger family of proteins called globulins and are characterized by their Y-shaped structure. Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains (H chains) and two identical light chains (L chains). The H chains are further divided into constant (C) and variable (V) regions. The V regions, located at the N-terminal ends of both H and L chains, are highly diverse and form the antigen-binding site of the immunoglobulin. The C regions, found in the middle and C-terminal portions of the H and L chains, are relatively more conserved. Immunoglobulin Function: The primary function of immunoglobulins is to recognize and bind...

The complement pathway, a cornerstone of immunology, encompasses distinct types, functions, and disease implications that intricately shape our immune responses. Comprising three main pathways – classical, lectin, and alternative – this system orchestrates a dynamic interplay of interactions to bolster our defenses against infections. The classical pathway is triggered by antigen-antibody complexes, while the lectin pathway responds to pathogen-specific carbohydrates. The alternative pathway, on the other hand, offers a rapid, antibody-independent response. These pathways collectively contribute to opsonization, inflammation, and the formation of membrane attack complexes that eliminate threats. Understanding the complement pathway is pivotal, as deficiencies or dysregulations can lead to various diseases, such as Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) and autoimmune disorders.  Multiple Choice Questions on Complement Pathway and Immune Response  1) Complements ...

Multiple Choice Questions on Antigen Processing and Presentation 1) The cells that display peptides associated with class II MHC molecules to CD4+ Th cells are called antigen presentation cells.  Which of the following is not a professional antigen-presenting cells? a) Dendritic cells b) Macrophages c) B cells d) Fibroblast 2) The professional antigen-presenting cells have different antigen uptake, constitutive MHC expression, and co-stimulatory activity.  Which of the following statement is true ? a) Dendritic cells constitutively express a high level of class II MHC molecules and co-stimulatory activity, they can activate naïve T cells. b) Macrophage must be activated by phagocytosis of particular antigens before they express class II MHC molecules or co-stimulatory B-47 membrane molecules c) B cells constitutively express class II MHC molecules but must be activated before they express the co-stimulatory signal d) All of the Above 3) The antigenic peptide...