BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

Multiple Choice Questions Set Molecular Biology: DNA synthesis (Replication) DNA replication is a fundamental process in which DNA synthesis occurs, leading to the formation of a new DNA molecule. It is a highly regulated process that ensures the faithful transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. During DNA replication, the DNA double helix is unwound, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. The enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis is DNA polymerase, which catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the growing DNA chain. The process of DNA replication involves a number of key proteins, including helicases, primases, and DNA ligases. 1) In most organisms, DNA is a genetic material that stores the information template for the synthesis of RNA and subsequently protein.  Name the processes a, b, c represented in the figure : 2) In some viruses, RNA serves as the storage of genetic materials and DNA is syn...

                                                                                           Multiple Choice Questions on Bacterial genetics                                  Source: Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbilogy 1) Select all of the correct statements about DNA molecule a. It carries genetic information b. It consists of double-helical nucleotides c. Exists as double-stranded DNA in all bacteria and viruses d. Composed of four nitrogen-containing bases 2) All of the following are the major types of RNA that are classified based on their structure and functions, Except a. messenger RNA b. transfer RNA c. ribosomal RNA d. complementary RNA 3) Identify the correct sta...

                             Lecture notes on CRISPR-Cas9 technology CRISPR-Cas9 technology is a revolutionary gene-editing tool that has had a profound impact on the field of genetics and molecular biology.  The use of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome editing in microorganisms and its potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology is an active area of research. In 2020, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was conferred upon Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for their pioneering contributions to the development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology. For more information on CRISPR-Cas9: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9377665/ 1. What is CRISPR-Cas9? CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) are components of a bacterial immune system that helps bacteria defend against viral infections. Scientists have adapted this system to edi...

Bioanalytical Methods to Improve Drug Tolerance 1. Acid Dissociation 2. Solid-phase extraction with acid dissociation (SPEAD) 3.  Affinity Capture Elution (ACE) 4. Biotin-drug extraction and acid dissociation (BEAD) 5. Precipitation and acid dissociation (PandA) 1. Acid Dissociation methods: Acid-base treatment is a widely adopted dissociation method for improving the drug tolerance of the assay. The method is based on the principle that acid or base breaks any drug: antibody complex interaction thereby allowing the detection/capture reagents to the ADAs.  The method involves incubation of ADA: drug complex with weak acid with pH 2-3 (e.g 300mM acetic acid, 0.1 mM Glycine) followed by neutralization with base (1 mM Tris HCl, pH 9.5), whereas if a high concentration of circulating drugs is present, there is a higher probability that ADA re-associates with the drug during the neutralization step. The acid may also negatively affect the assay signal/noise ratio ...

       Multiple Choice Question on Transcription (RNA synthesis) and RNA processing 1) Identify the correct statement regarding the function of ribonucleic acid (RNA) a) messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as a template for the synthesis of proteins b) Transfer RNA (tRNA) serves as the adapter molecule for the addition of amino acids and elongation of the peptide chain c) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) serves as machinery for protein synthesis d) All of the above 2) Which of the following RNA serves the regulatory functions including splicing, and gene silencing? a) messenger RNA (mRNA) b) Transfer RNA (tRNA) c) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) d) Small Nuclear RNA  ( snRNA) 3) Which of the following statement is NOT true regarding transcription / RNA synthesis in eukaryotes? a) RNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus b) Unlike DNA synthesis, the only selective sequence of DNA is transcribed to RNA c) RNA synthesis requires a short stretch of RNA primers d) DNA s...

Protein synthesis is a fundamental cellular process that plays a critical role in the growth, development, and maintenance of all living organisms. Understanding the intricacies of protein synthesis is key to unraveling the mechanisms behind cellular functions and unlocking the secrets of life itself. The process of protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, the DNA sequence in a gene is transcribed into a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. This mRNA molecule carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where translation takes place. In translation, the mRNA molecule serves as a template for the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are brought to the ribosomes, the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis, by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon that matches the codo...

Multiple Choice Questions on  Molecular Biology Techniques 1) DNA is the polydeoxynucleotides that contain mono-deoxynucleotides namely dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP.  Which one of the following is NOT true regarding DNA? a) DNA is double-stranded. b) The nucleotides are covalently linked by 3'-5' phosphodiester bond. c) Both strands of DNA are arranged parallel. d) DNA has a helical structure. 2) Phosphodiester bonds are cleaved by nucleases a group of enzymes present in the cells. Which of the following is FALSE about nucleases? a) Nucleases catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester linkages. b) Nucleases can be exonuclease and endonucleases. c) Exonucleases cleave the chain by removing individual nucleotides from the 3' or 5' end. d) Exonucleases cleave the chain randomly between any nucleotides. 3) Chromatin is a structural complex present in eukaryotes. The chromatin consists of the following components, EXCEPT: a) DNA b) RNA c) Histone pr...