A. Clinical Case on Ketosis Patient Profile: A 45-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes presents to the emergency department with complaints of increasing weakness, fatigue, excessive thirst, and frequent urination over the past few days. He also reports abdominal pain and a fruity odor on his breath. Clinical Presentation: The patient appears dehydrated and has rapid breathing (Kussmaul breathing). Physical examination reveals dry mucous membranes and tachycardia. The patient's breath has a characteristic fruity odor. Biochemical Investigation: Blood glucose level: 400 mg/dL (high) Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis: pH: 7.25 (low) pCO2: 20 mmHg (low) HCO3-: 10 mEq/L (low) Serum ketones (beta-hydroxybutyrate): 6.0 mmol/L (elevated) Serum electrolytes: Sodium (Na+): 138 mEq/L Potassium (K+): 4.8 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-): 100 mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3-): 10 mEq/L Interpretation and Diagnosis: The elevated blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) and ketones in the blood (ketone...