BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

                    Multiple choice questions on Microorganisms related to Sexually transmitted                                    diseases (STD) 1. Which of the following infection are the most common STDs / STIs worldwide? Select all the correct answers: a) Gonorrhea b) Chlamydiasis c) Syphilis d) Giardiasis       e) HIV infection 2. What are the common signs and symptoms of early or "primary syphilis" infection? a) Painful chancre, sore in the face b) High-grade fever with body aches c) Painless chancre, sore in the genital or mouth     d) Bullous pemphigoid infecting the limbs 3. Which of the following drug, also considered a last line drug for treatment has shown resistance to gonorrhea in recent years? a) Gentamycin b) Ceftriaxone    c) Hydroxychloroquine d) Sulfonamides 4) Which of the following ty...

                  Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and treatment of Malaria Malaria : -  A mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by the bite of a mosquito that carries the parasitic protozoa called Plasmodium species - The disease can be fatal and life-threatening for humans, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. - Plasmodium species comes under the parasite group called "Sporozoa" - Malaria is one of the major zoonotic diseases that cause millions of human deaths each year - It is a major public health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. More than 75% of deaths occur in the African region of the world, over a million people mostly children die from malaria each year worldwide Plasmodium species: - Malaria is a vector-borne infection that is spread through the bite of the mosquito, thus the term given for this type of infection is a 'zoonotic disease'. The infected...

Multiple Choice Question on Classification, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Anemia 1) Anemia is a reduction of total circulating red cell mass below the normal limits. The classical symptoms include palpitation, dizziness, angina, pallor of skin and nails, weakness, etc.  Which of the following laboratory parameter is used to classify anemia into microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic? a) Mean Corpuscular Volume b) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin c) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration  d) Red Cell Distribution Width 2) Based on the size of the red blood cells, microcytic anemia is defined when the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is ................................... a) Less than 80 fL / cell b) Less than 120 fL / cell c) Less than 160 fL / cell d) Less than 200 fL / cell 3) Which of the following condition is not associated with microcytic anemia? a) Iron Deficiency Anemia  b) Aplastic Anemia  c) Sieroblastic Anemia  d) Thalassemia  4) Identify the patholog...

Metabolic Pathway of Methionine and Cysteine Conversion of Methionine to S-Adenosyl Methionine  - Methionine is a nutritionally essential amino acid, therefore, the dietary source is generally proteins.  - S-adenosyl methionine synthase catalyzes the conversion of methionine to S-adenosyl methionine - Require ATP, the ATP is hydrolyzed to AMP and PPi, therefore two energy equivalent of ATP is consumed in the reaction Figure 1: Metabolic Pathway for the methionine metabolism Formation of S-Adenosyl homocysteine from S-Adenosyl methionine  - S-adenosyl methionine serves as an active methyl group donor in various metabolic pathways including amino acid metabolism, hormones/neurotransmitter synthesis, etc. - Once the methyl group is transferred to the methyl acceptor, the S-Adenosyl methionine is formed  - Generally transferred by specific methyltransferase Hydrolysis of S-Adenosyl homocysteine to form homocysteine  -The hydrolysis of S-Adenosyl homocysteine form...