BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

1)The first 2022 monkeypox virus outbreak occurred in Nigeria. What are the common possible routes of transmission of the virus to humans? Select all the correct answers : a) Humans to humans b) Animals to humans c) Humans to animals d) Animals to animals 2) Monkeypox infection has been declared a public health emergency in 2022 by the World health organization due to the worldwide spread of the virus. According to health agencies in the USA which of the following age group are at higher risk? a)Children 5 to 10 years old b)Males 18 years and above      c)Infants  d)Pregnant women 3)Which of the following are the common symptoms related to monkeypox infection? a) High fever, raised skin lesions, swollen lymph nodes        b) High fever, diarrhea, and vomiting c) High fever, flat skin lesions, vomiting d) High fever, seizures, and loss of appetite 4) Smallpox and monkeypox viruses come under the same genus of viruses known as orthopoxvirus. When wa...

                           MCQs on emerging viral infections 1. What are the possible cause of an emerging virus infection?  Select all the correct answers a) Genetic mutation b) Overeating c) Insufficient physical exercise d) Zoonotic transmission (animals to humans) 2. Which of the following measures are the effective preventive measures to control the spread of the emerging viral infections? a) Quarantine and social distancing  b) Receiving the available vaccines c) Surveillance and contact tracing d) All of the above 3. How is the Zika virus primarily transmitted to humans? a) Airborne transmission b) Contact with infected animals c) Mosquito bites  d) Sexual contact 4. Which of the following diseases is associated with severe hemorrhagic fever and has caused outbreaks in Africa? a) Ebola virus disease b) Dengue fever c) Chikungunya fever d) MERS-CoV infection 5. Nipah virus outbreaks are linked to ...

Double-Stranded scAAV vectors (Next Generation Vectors) The double-stranded AAV genome is generated by mutating the terminal resolution site sequence on one side of the inverted terminal repeats (ITR), leading to the production of self-complementary AAV (scAAV). A genome <2.5 kilobases (kb; approximately half the size of the wild-type AAV genome) can therefore be packaged as a dimer in the AAV vector with the package size limit of 4.7kb. Advantages of scAAV vector design A single-stranded AAV viral vector is widely used for gene therapy. Upon transduction, the single-stranded DNA must be converted into a transcriptionally active double-stranded form, which is a crucial rate-limiting step in transgene expression from an rAAV vector. With a scAAV double-stranded vector design, the synthesis of the complementary strand is not required. Double-stranded scAAV is less prone to DNA degradation after viral transduction, thereby increasing the number of copies of stable episomes Doub...