BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

           Notes on Salmonella - Enteric or Typhoid fever, the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention               of  Typhoid        Salmonella:  Salmonella bacteria typically live in the intestines of animals and humans and are usually transmitted to humans through contaminated food or water. Main types of Salmonella associated with human infections are Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi)   and Salmonella serotypes Paratyphi A, B, or C typhi  that cause typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever respectively. Salmonella are found as a gut flora / normal flora in many vertebrate species.  The bacteria are often associated with contaminated food, particularly undercooked or raw eggs, poultry, meat, and unpasteurized dairy products.  Common symptoms of a Salmonella infection include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms c...

                                      MCQs on Gastrointestinal infections 1. A 24 year old female student traveled to a rural area in a developing country for a research purpose and returned 5 days ago. She comes to the emergency department with a 3-day history of watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and occasional episodes of nausea. She reports passing loose stools more than 10 times a day and feeling weak due to fluid loss. The abdominal cramps are localized in the lower abdomen and are exacerbated before bowel movements. The patient denies any bloody stools or fever. Upon examination, she appeared dehydrated, has tachycardia (elevated heart rate). She has low blood pressure, dry mucous membranes. Mild tenderness in the lower abdomen is found with no signs of abdominal distension or rigidity. Microscopic examination of stool samples is conducted, it reveals the presence of trophozoites of a p...