BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

                                        MCQs on Diabetes mellitus 1) Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by hyperglycemia.  Which of the following is not the common characteristic features of type 2 diabetes mellitus ? a) Impaired insulin secretion b) Increased Insulin resistance  c) Diabetic ketoacidosis d) Excessive hepatic glucose production 2) Which of the following are the characteristic features of type 1 diabetes mellitus? a) Type 1 diabetes is caused by an absolute deficiency of insulin. b) Type 1 diabetes is associated with the autoimmune destruction of beta cells.  c) Patients with  uncontrolled type 1 diabetes present with diabetic ketoacidosis d) All of the above   3) Which of the following serum measurements are not used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus? a) Fasting blood glucose d) Postprandial blood glucose  c) Insulin ...

The renal system covers the  glomerular function ,  tubular function ,  acid-base homeostasis ,   biochemical assessment ,  and clinical correlations. The glomerulus is mainly involved in the filtration of the blood for the excretion of waste products while retaining most of the proteins.  The renal tubules function in secretion, reabsorption, and excretion of electrolytes, ions, organic acids, and urea. The renal tubules help regulate the osmolality, volume, and pH of the blood.  Tubular Function of Kidney and Electrolyte Balance Multiple Choice Questions 1) Urine is a fluid excreted by the kidney passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra.  Which of the following is not the characteristics of urine ? a) pH 5.0 to 6.0 b) Specific gravity- approximately 1.024 c) Amber color d) Turbid 2) Transport of sodium in the renal tubules involves : a) Na+/K+-ATPase located on the luminal me...

Multiple Choice Question on Endocrine Pancreas (Insulin and Glucagon) 1) 'Pancreatic islets' in the pancreas consist of specialized cells that produce insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin and regulate blood sugar levels in the body.  Which of the following cells produce insulin? a) Alpha cells b) Beta cells c) Gamma cells d) Delta cells 2) Pancreatic islets in the pancreas are made up of different types of cells.  Which of the following cells produce glucagon? a) Alpha cells b) Beta cells c) Gamma cells d) Delta cells 3) Insulin activates cells by binding to which of the following receptor? a) G protein Receptor b) Tyrosine kinase Receptor c) Nuclear receptor d) None of the above 4) Once insulin engages with its receptor, all the following activities occur downstream, Except a) Proteins with SH2 domains bind to the phosphotyrosine residue in the insulin receptor b) Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase  (PI3 kinase) c) Activation of p21ras enco...

The renal system covers the  glomerular function ,  tubular function ,  acid-base homeostasis ,   biochemical assessment ,  and clinical correlations. The glomerulus is mainly involved in the filtration of the blood for the excretion of waste products while retaining most of the proteins.  The renal tubules function in secretion, reabsorption, and excretion of electrolytes, ions, organic acids, and urea. The renal tubules help regulate the osmolality, volume, and pH of the blood.  Glomerular Function of Kidney Multiple Choice Questions 1) The following are the endocrine function of the kidney, Except a) Erythropoietin secretion b) Synthesis of Vit D3 c) Synthesis of Prostaglandins d) Synthesis of Angiotensin 2) Normally, proteins with a molecular weight higher than 65kda are retained in the plasma. Some small size protein is filtered through the kidney by which of the following mechanism? a) Protein channels b) Endocytosis c...

The renal system covers the  glomerular function ,  tubular function ,  acid-base homeostasis ,   biochemical assessment ,  and clinical correlations. The glomerulus is mainly involved in the filtration of the blood for the excretion of waste products while retaining most of the proteins.  The renal tubules function in secretion, reabsorption, and excretion of electrolytes, ions, organic acids, and urea. The renal tubules help regulate the osmolality, volume, and pH of the blood.  The physiological function of Kidney & Acid-Base Balance  Multiple Choice Question 1) The normal arterial blood pH is approximately 7.4.  Select the hydrogen ion concentration that corresponds to pH 7.4. ( Hint: Use pH = log 1/[H+] ) a) 35 mEq/L b) 40 mEq/L c) 45 mEq/L d) 50 mEq/L 2) The following are the primary system that regulates acid-base homeostasis.  Which of the following is the most powerful regulatory mechanism? a) Chemical bu...

Adrenal hormones play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body. The adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, produce a group of hormones known as steroid hormones. These hormones are synthesized in the adrenal cortex, which consists of three distinct layers: the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. Zona Glomerulosa: Electrolyte Balance Regulator The zona glomerulosa is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex. Its primary function is to produce mineralocorticoids, with aldosterone being the major hormone. Aldosterone plays a vital role in regulating electrolyte balance by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. It helps maintain blood pressure, fluid volume, and electrolyte concentrations within the body. Zona Fasciculata: Metabolism and Stress Response The zona fasciculata, located in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex, is responsible for synthesizing glucocorticoids, predominantly cortisol. ...