BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

                                         MCQs on Nipah virus with a clinical case 1. A 41 year old male fruit farmer residing in rural village Kerala, India comes to the local health clinic with a high fever, severe headache, and dizziness that he says started a week ago. He has been experiencing vomiting and muscle pain with difficulty in breathing. Upon examination, the healthcare provider notices the patient has a high fever of 39.5°C (103.1°F), he exhibits signs of confusion and disorientation. His breathing is labored, and has a cough. He has been experiencing vomiting and diarrhea, complains of severe muscle pain and weakness. His wife informs the examiner that there has been an outbreak of an unknown illness in their village, and some of their neighbors have fallen ill as well.  Blood sample is taken for bacterial culture, and to check virus antibodies and antigens. Serol...

                         Multiple Choice Questions on Bile Acid Metabolism 1) Most of the plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver.  Which of the following plasma protein is not synthesized in the liver? a) Albumin b) Transferrin c) Ceruloplasmin d) von Willebrand factor 2) Which of the following is not the metabolic function of the liver? a) Synthesis and assembly of chylomicrons b) Synthesis and secretion of bile acids c) Synthesis and breakdown of glycogen d) Gluconeogenesis 3) Bile acids are conjugated to amino acids or taurine to form bile salts.  Which of the following amino acid is utilized for conjugation reaction? a) Alanine b) Glycine c)Valine d)Leucine 4) Cholic acid and Chenodeoxycholic acid are the primary bile acid synthesized in the liver.  The bile acid is converted into secondary bile acids (eg. deoxycholic acid) by ............................................................. a) E...

                                           MCQ on Neglected Tropical Diseases                                                  Image 1: Woman with lymphatic Filariasis 1. Onchocerciasis, a disease that is prevalent in West Africa is also known as. ................................... a) Yellow fever b) River blindness      c) Filariasis d) Leishmaniasis 2. Name the disease that has all of the following characteristics. i) Most common parasitic disease in the world ii) Prevalent in people living in rural areas  iii) >400 million people get infected each year throughout the world a) Rabies b) Zika  c) Echinococcosis d) Ascariasis     3. Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) is one of the major neglected tro...

Multiple Choice Questions  on Host Defense Mechanism (Immunology) 1) Based on the principles of the ............................................. theory, each individual lymphocyte possesses a distinct membrane receptor tailored to a specific antigen. When the antigen binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers an immune response targeted specifically against that particular antigen. a) Clonal selection theory b) Instructional theory c) Selective theory d) Germ theory 2) Immunity is the defense mechanism of the body that protects against foreign pathogens. The immunity can be classified into innate immunity and acquired immunity.  Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning innate immunity? a) It exhibits a broad specificity against foreign antigens. b) It is present before exposure to antigens. c) It has memory cells. d) None of the above. 3) Which type of immunity develops after exposure to specific antigens? a) Acquired immunity  ...

Overview of the Topics Anticoagulant Drugs (Click Here) Thrombolytic Drugs  Antiplatelet Drugs (Click Here) Multiple Choice Practice Questions (Click Here) Thrombolytic Drugs  Thrombolytic/Fibrinolytic agents lyse the formed clots (thrombi) by catalyzing the activation of endogenous fibrinolytic protein (Plasminogen to Active Plasmin). The clinically important thrombolytics include streptokinase, urokinase, and other recombinant forms (Alteplase, Reteplase & Tenecteplase) Indication for Thrombolytics Used intravenously for short-term emergency management of  - Acute Myocardial Infarction & recanalization of the thrombosed artery - Deep vein thrombosis - Pulmonary embolism - Stroke  Mechanism of action - serves as a plasminogen activators - the first generation thrombolytics such as streptokinase (from bacteria- beta-hemolytic Streptococcus) acts on both bound and free plasminogen - Second generation thrombolytics such as Alteplase (tPA) mainly act on the fibr...

                                MCQs on Smallpox virus (Poxvirus)                  Click World Health Organization (WHO) website for more questions and answers about                                      smallpox:   https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/smallpox                                                       Figure1: cowpox and smallpox pustules 1. Who is credited with the discovery of vaccination using cowpox to protect against smallpox? a) Edward Jenner     b) Jonas Salk c) Louis Pasteur d) Robert Koch 2. Smallpox exists as two distinct subtypes, Variola major and Variola minor. Which su...

                                        MCQs on Plasma Proteins 1) Plasma proteins are composed of mostly glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and immunoglobulins that function in the immune system; binding and transporting nutrients, toxic substances, metals, etc. The normal reference range for total plasma proteins is ............................ a) 2.5-4.5 gm / dl b) 4.5-6.0 gm / dl c) 6.0-8.3 gm / dl 4) >8.3gm / dl 2) Albumin and globulin (A&G) are the two important group of plasma proteins, the reference range for the A: G ratio is 0.8-2.0. Based on the electrophoretic mobility, the globulin fraction may be further classified into alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta-globulin, and gamma-globulin. Which of the following protein is present in the gamma-globulin fraction ? a) Ceruloplasmin b) Haptoglobin c) Immunoglobulin d) Transthyretin 3) C-reactive protein, a plasma prot...