BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

           Notes on Salmonella - Enteric or Typhoid fever, the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention               of  Typhoid        Salmonella:  Salmonella bacteria typically live in the intestines of animals and humans and are usually transmitted to humans through contaminated food or water. Main types of Salmonella associated with human infections are Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi)   and Salmonella serotypes Paratyphi A, B, or C typhi  that cause typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever respectively. Salmonella are found as a gut flora / normal flora in many vertebrate species.  The bacteria are often associated with contaminated food, particularly undercooked or raw eggs, poultry, meat, and unpasteurized dairy products.  Common symptoms of a Salmonella infection include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms c...

Multiple Choice Questions on Hepatitis (A, B, and C) virus, types, infection, and transmission 1) Which of the following organ is primarily infected by Hepatitis viruses? a) Intestines b) Gall bladder c) Stomach d) Liver 2) A 32-year-old male patient visits the clinic with complaints of abdominal discomfort, vomiting, and noticeable yellow discoloration in his eyes.  Upon examination, enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) detected on palpation, vital signs are normal. Elevated liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and elevated bilirubin levels detected after the laboratory diagnostic tests. Abdominal ultrasound reveals an enlarged liver with signs of inflammation. Acute hepatitis B infection is diagnosed. How long after the initial infection do these antibodies typically appear in the bloodstream? a) 24 hours b) 3 to 4 days c) 1 to 2 weeks d) 12 hours 3) Which of the following virus is NOT transmitted through the parenteral route? a) Hepatitis A b) Hepatitis B c) Hepatitis C d) Hepa...

Similar to most metabolic pathways, glucose synthesis and breakdown is regulated by three different mechanisms : a) Allosteric regulators b) Covalent modification c) Changes in gene expression Regulation of glycolytic pathway: As described on the previous page and in figure 1, glycolysis is regulated by three irreversible enzymes namely : Hexokinase / glucokinase, Phosphofructokinase, and Pyruvate kinase. Figure 1: Allosteric Regulators of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis  Hexokinase / glucokinase: Hexokinase is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that sets the pace of glycolysis. Hexokinase has a high affinity for glucose and transfers a negatively charged phosphate group to a glucose molecule. This step traps the glucose inside the cells and funnels it into various metabolic pathways. The high concentration of glucose-6-phosphate signals that the cell no longer requires energy or other biosynthetic pathways, and inhibits enzyme hexokinase. Glucokinase is expres...

Drugs targeting Autonomic Nervous System (Cholinergic, Muscarinic, Adrenergic receptor( Multiple Choice Questions) 1) Indirect-acting cholinomimetic agent acts via.................................................................? a) Stimulation of action of acetylcholinesterase b) Binds to and activate muscarinic and nicotinic receptors c) Inhibition of hydrolysis of endogenous acetylcholine d) Release of acetylcholine from the storage site 2) All of the followings are reversible indirectly acting cholinomimetics, except: a) Physostigmine b) Echothiophate c) Edrophonium d) Neostigmine 3) The drug used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is …………………........? a) Edrophonium b) Pyridostigmine c) Neostigmine d) Ambenonium 4) Which of the following cholinomimetic drug is used for the treatment of craving reduction in nicotine addiction? a)  Bupropion b) Cevimeline c)Varenicline d) Galantamine 5) Stimulation of which subtype of the muscarinic cholinergic ...

Overview of the Topics Anticoagulant Drugs (Click Here) Thrombolytic Drugs (Click Here) Antiplatelet Drugs (Click Here) Multiple Choice Practice Questions  Anticoagulants: 1) Identify the class of drug prescribed for acute management of deep vein thrombosis : a) Anticoagulants, eg. warfarin b) Thrombolytics, eg. tPA c) Antiplatelets, eg. Aspirin d) All of the above 2) Identify the class of drug prescribed for the long term management of deep vein thrombosis : a) Anticoagulants eg. warfarin b) Thrombolytics eg. tPA c) Antiplatelets eg Aspirin d) All of the above 3) Standard unfractionated Heparin is now replaced by the low molecular weight heparin. Standard unfractionated heparin is still the preferred anticoagulant in deep vein thrombotic patients with a coincidence of ............................................? a) Liver abnormalities b) Renal Dysfunction c) Cardiovascular disorder d) Myocardial Infarction  4) Which of the following is the mechanism of action of heparin...

Introduction to Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacokinetic  Multiple Choice Question  1) A molecule that interacts as an activator or inhibitor and brings about a change in the biological function through its chemical actions is known as ……………….. a) Drug b) Hormone c) Neurotransmitter d) Protein 2) The action of the drug on the body is known as ………………………. a) Pharmacokinetic b) Pharmacodynamic c) Pharmacology d) Pharmacotherapeutics 3) Which one of the following statements is correct? a) Weak bases are absorbed efficiently across the epithelial cells of the stomach b) Co-administration of atropine speed up the absorption of a second drug c) Drugs showing a large Vd can be efficiently removed by dialysis of the plasma d) Weak acids are absorbed efficiently across the epithelial cells of the stomach 4) The desired physicochemical properties of drugs are: a) Ionized, less plasma protein bound, lipid soluble b) Unionized, less plasma prote...

Multiple Choice Questions on Antimicrobial Agents 1) Which of the following antibiotics acts by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis? a) Cephalosporin b) Quinolones c) Penicillin d) Sulphonamides 2) Followings are the second-generation quinolones, except? a) Ciprofloxacin b) Enoxacin c) Gatifloxacin d) Ofloxacin 3) Which of the followings are the drug interactions of quinolones is correct? a) Antacids and calcium supplements decrease the absorption of quinolones b) Antacids, and calcium supplements increase absorption of quinolones c) Increased metabolism of warfarin and caffeine d) Quinolones enhance the metabolism of theophylline 4) The mechanism of action of Trimethoprim is: a) Activation of enzyme dihydrofolate reductase b) Activation of enzyme dihydrofolate reductase c) Inhibition of enzyme dihydrofolate reductase d) Inhibition of enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase 5) All of the following combinations are true, except:  a) Ciprofloxacin: inhi...

Multiple Choice Questions on  Drug for Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorder 1) Following statements about non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are true except: a) Cause relief of pain – analgesic effect b) Suppress the signs and symptoms of inflammation c) Exerts antipyretic effects d) All of the above e) None of the above 2) The constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme responsible for a) Gastrointestinal cytoprotection b) Renal blood flow maintenance and electrolyte homeostasis c) Platelets aggregation d) Option a, b and c e) Option a and b only 3) High dose of aspirin (more than 4 gm/day) is eliminated by ………….....…… kinetics a) Zero-order b) First order 4) Followings are the features of salicylism, except? a) Tinnitus b) Blurred vision c) Hyperventilation d) All of the above 5) The following statements on aspirin are true except: a) Aspirin displaces oral anticoagulants from its plasma protein binding sites and increases its activities leading ...

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) on Parathyroid Hormone, Vitamin D and Calcium Metabolism 1) Which of the following organ has the highest proportion of calcium in the body? a) Liver b) Muscle c) Bone d) None of the above  2) The plasma contributes to less than 0.5% of the total calcium in the body.  Which of the following statement is not true regarding plasma calcium ? a) Approximately 50% of the plasma calcium is present in the ionized form b) Approximately 40% of the plasma calcium is present in proteins c) Approximately 10% of the plasma calcium is complexed with anions d) None of the above  3) Free, ionized calcium is biologically acid and tightly regulated by hormones.  Which of the following hormone are secreted in response to increased serum calcium? a) Parathyroid hormone b) Vitamin D c) Calcitonin d) All of the above 4) Parathyroid hormone secretion is tightly controlled by the ionized calcium ions. The calcium binds to calcium-sensing cell surface recepto...

                         MCQs on Fungi culture and identification 1. A 43-year-old woman, presents to her dermatologist with complaints of persistent, itchy skin lesions on her arms and legs. She describes the lesions as red, scaly patches that have been gradually spreading over the past few weeks. The patient has a history of diabetes, and her blood glucose levels have been fluctuating recently. Upon examination, the dermatologist observes erythematous, annular lesions with a raised border on the patient's arms and legs. Some lesions have a central clearing, typical of a fungal infection. Considering her medical history, the dermatologist suspects a dermatophyte infection, possibly tinea corporis. The dermatologist collects skin scrapings from the edge of one of the lesions using a scalpel blade. The collected specimen is placed in a sterile container. The skin scrapings are sent to the microbiology laboratory for fungal ...