BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

          MCQs on Helminths/Parasitic worms(Tapeworms, Roundworms, and Flukes) 1. A 40 year old male elementary school teacher residing in a rural area comes to a local clinic complaining of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fatigue. He reports experiencing these symptoms for the past two weeks. He mentions that the abdominal pain is intermittent and is often accompanied by cramps. He also has noticed the presence of blood in his stool and occasional weight loss. The man has no significant medical history or known allergies. He is not taking any medications, and has not recently traveled to other regions. During the physical examination, the healthcare provider notes tenderness in lower abdomen of the patient and conducts a digital rectal examination, which reveals the presence of blood-tinged stool. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse, and blood pressure, are within normal limits. Based on the symptoms, the healthcare provider orders several diagnostic tests ...

                                MCQs on Intestinal parasites/protozoa                                                     Figure:   Giardia duodenalis/Giardia intestinalis cytology Amoebae (intestinal): 1. What is the primary causative agent of intestinal amoebiasis? a) Entamoeba coli      b) Entamoeba histolytica    c)  Giardia  duodenalis     d) Trichomonas vaginalis 2. How is amebiasis most commonly transmitted to humans? a) Ingestion of food or water contaminated    b) Inhalation of aerosolized cysts c) Mosquito bites    d) Person-to-person contact 3. What are the typical symptoms of amebiasis? a) Abdominal cramps and vomitting b) Cough and chest pain  c) Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stools...

                               MCQ on Malaria Parasites, Plasmodium spp                                     Figure: Plasmodium spp (in peripheral blood) 1. Malaria is widespread in numerous countries and is known to be a major cause of death due to parasitic infections, claiming millions of lives worldwide, with the highest mortality rates observed in Africa.  Which age group of people are more vulnerable to malaria?  a) 10 - 15 years of age b) > 5 years of age    c) < 40 years of age d) 10- 25 years of age 2. Which of the following Plasmodium  spp is the most virulent and also a leading cause of human fatalities from malaria  worldwide each year? a)  Plasmodium knowlesi b)  Plasmodium malariae c)  Plasmodium falciparum   d)  Plasmodium vivax  3...

Multiple Choice Question on  Bilirubin Metabolism and Related Disorders 1) Bilirubin is generated from the catabolism (breakdown) of protoporphyrin IX through a microsomal enzyme in a two reaction step. In the first step, the tetrapyrrole ring is opened to produce biliverdin which is subsequently converted into bilirubin through further reduction. What are the enzymes responsible for these two steps ? a) Heme dehydrogenase and Bilirubin oxygenase b) Heme oxygenase and Biliverdin reductase c) Heme deoxygenase and Biliverdin reductase d) Heme oxygenase and Bilirubin reductase 2) Approximately 85% of the total bilirubin produced is derived from senescent red blood cells in the reticuloendothelial cells of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.  The remaining 15% of bilirubin is produced from RBC precursor during ineffective erythropoiesis, myoglobin, cytochromes, and peroxidases.  The daily production of bilirubin is .................................. a) 500-1...

            Multiple Choice Questions on Cholera, Campylobacter spp, and Helicobacter spp 1) A 8 year old boy is presented to a emergency department, he has been experiencing profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting for the past 24 hours, with a suspicion of food poisoning. His parents report that they recently came back two days ago from a trip to an area with poor sanitation and limited access to clean drinking water.  To investigate further, a stool sample with watery consistency was collected and cultured using a high-pH medium containing sodium chloride (NaCl). Colonies with a smooth and round appearance developed on the culture medium. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of gram-negative, motile, comma-shaped bacteria. What is the characteristic appearance of the diarrhea in cholera ? a) Bloody and foul-smelling b) Colorless and odorless, resembling "rice water" c) Green and frothy d) Yellow and oily 2) What is the key diagnostic too...

                          MCQs on Campylobacter spp and Helicobacter spp                         Figure: Colonies of Campylobacter jejuni after 48 hours of incubation on a                                                     selective medium in a microaerobic atmosphere.                                        (Reference: Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology) 1. A 25 year old male arrives at the emergency room with a two-day history of gastrointestinal symptoms. He reports severe abdominal cramps, frequent watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and a low-grade fever. He also mentions that he has had occasional blood in his stool. ...

                                       MCQs on anaerobic bacteria 1. A 42-year-old woman visits the emergency department with abdominal pain, fever, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge. She reports experiencing these symptoms for the past three days. The patient describes sharp, cramp-like pain in the lower abdomen that has been progressively worsening, she reports a thick, grayish-white discharge with a distinct foul odor. She has a high-grade fever with chills. The patient is not known to have any pre-existing medical conditions or recent surgical procedures. Upon examination, the healthcare provider observes tenderness in the lower abdomin. Pelvic ultrasound is performed to assess the pelvic organs and look for signs of inflammation. Which of the following specimen is primarily recommended for collection and culture of the causative anaerobic pathogen? a) Endocervial tissue specimen b)...

  Glycogen synthesis and Breakdown Pathway Introduction Glycogen is a polysaccharide that consists of glucose molecules linked together by glycosidic linkage. In animals and humans; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the liver (~10%) and muscles (~2%). These stored glycogen molecules can readily be degraded into glucose molecules and enter into the glycolytic pathway for energy. Liver glycogen can also contribute to the maintenance of normal blood glucose.  The glycogen synthesis and breakdown pathway are highly regulated and, the synthesis and breakdown do not occur at the same time.  Glycogenesis F igure 1: Overview of Glycogen synthesis (Glycogenesis) Synthesis of Glycogen The addition of glucose to form glycogen requires a primer molecule where the glucose can be added to the non-reducing ends. During  de novo  synthesis, glucose molecules are added to tyrosine residues of primer protein glycogen. The enzyme Glycogen synthase ...