BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

               Malaria disease and Anti-malarial drugs WHO recommended second malaria vaccine: Please click   https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03115-1 Malaria: - Estimated 300-500 million human infections per year throughout the world - Transmitted to humans through the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes - The parasite Plasmodium spp  cause infections in humans that is transmitted by the vector (mosquito).   Four major species are identified namely P falciparum, P vivax, P ovale, P malariae Antimalarial Drugs Overview Table: Category Drug Examples Target Stage Mechanism of Action Notable Side Effects Resistance Issues 4-Aminoquinolines Chloroquine, Amodiaquine Blood schizonts Inhibits heme detoxification (toxic buildup) Retinopathy, pruritus Widespread in P. falciparum 8-Aminoquinolines Primaquine, Tafenoquine Liver hypnozoites, gametocytes Produces reactive oxygen species Hemolysis (G6PD deficiency), GI upset Resistance...

Pharmacology of Renal System and Diuretics Multiple Choice Question 1) Osmotic diuretics are a class of drugs that work by increasing the osmolarity (concentration) of the filtrate in the renal tubules, which inhibits the reabsorption of water and electrolytes such as sodium and chloride. This results in increased urine output and removal of excess fluid from the body. Osmotic diuretics are contraindicated in...........................................? a) Increased intracranial tension b) Increased intraocular tension c) Established acute renal failure d) Poisonings 2) The antidiuretic action of Desmopressin is due to activation of...........................................? a) V 1a receptor b) V 2 receptor c) V 1b receptor d) V1 and V2 receptor 3)Furosemide is a loop diuretic that acts on the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney. Furosemide increases the excretion of all of the following except:  a) Sodium b) Potassium c) Uric acid d) Calcium and ...

                           Multiple Choice Question with answers on Chlamydia spp 1) Which of the following Chlamydia spp are human pathogens?  Select from all the options given below: a) Chlamydia pecorum b) Chlamydia psittaci c) Chlamydia trachomatis d) Chlamydia pnuemoniae 2) Which of the following is a common specimen used for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted chlamydial infections that occur in both men and women? a) Oral swab b) Cerebrospinal fluid c) Urine d) Skin biopsy 3) What type of methods are important laboratory approaches for the diagnosis of genital Chlamydia spp  infections?  Select all the correct answers: a) Specimen culture in McCoy cell tissue culture b) Direct fluorescent antibody and Enzyme-linked immunoassay c) Serological tests d) Nucleic acid amplification test 4) Chlamydia is one of the major pathogens that cause sexually transmitted diseases. What i...

Overview of the Topics Anticoagulant Drugs (Click Here) Thrombolytic Drugs  Antiplatelet Drugs (Click Here) Multiple Choice Practice Questions (Click Here) Thrombolytic Drugs  Thrombolytic/Fibrinolytic agents lyse the formed clots (thrombi) by catalyzing the activation of endogenous fibrinolytic protein (Plasminogen to Active Plasmin). The clinically important thrombolytics include streptokinase, urokinase, and other recombinant forms (Alteplase, Reteplase & Tenecteplase) Indication for Thrombolytics Used intravenously for short-term emergency management of  - Acute Myocardial Infarction & recanalization of the thrombosed artery - Deep vein thrombosis - Pulmonary embolism - Stroke  Mechanism of action - serves as a plasminogen activators - the first generation thrombolytics such as streptokinase (from bacteria- beta-hemolytic Streptococcus) acts on both bound and free plasminogen - Second generation thrombolytics such as Alteplase (tPA) mainly act on the fibr...

                                           MCQ on Neglected Tropical Diseases                                                  Image 1: Woman with lymphatic Filariasis 1. Onchocerciasis, a disease that is prevalent in West Africa is also known as. ................................... a) Yellow fever b) River blindness      c) Filariasis d) Leishmaniasis 2. Name the disease that has all of the following characteristics. i) Most common parasitic disease in the world ii) Prevalent in people living in rural areas  iii) >400 million people get infected each year throughout the world a) Rabies b) Zika  c) Echinococcosis d) Ascariasis     3. Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) is one of the major neglected tro...

Drug for the treatment of gastrointestinal disease  Multiple Choice Question 1) All of the following drugs act by reducing gastric acid secretion, Except: a) Omeprazole b) Famotidine c) Pirenzepine d) Sucralfate 2) The following statement about Omeprazole is true, E xcept: a) It is highly plasma protein-bound b) Its bioavailability is not affected by food c) It is metabolized by the liver d) It provides long-lasting acid suppression 3) Which of the following drugs have an anti-androgenic effect? a) Ranitidine b) Cimetidine c) Famotidine d) Nizatidine 4) All of the following statements about antacid are true, Except: a) Weak bases that neutralize gastric pH b) Inhibits the formation of pepsin c) Aluminum antacids cause diarrhea and magnesium antacids cause constipation d) Aluminum antacids cause constipation and magnesium antacids cause diarrhea 5) The following antiemetic act by blocking D2 receptor in the CTZ: a) Metoclopramide b) Cisapride c) Chlo...