BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

               Malaria disease and Anti-malarial drugs WHO recommended second malaria vaccine: Please click   https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03115-1 Malaria: - Estimated 300-500 million human infections per year throughout the world - Transmitted to humans through the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes - The parasite Plasmodium spp  cause infections in humans that is transmitted by the vector (mosquito).   Four major species are identified namely P falciparum, P vivax, P ovale, P malariae Antimalarial Drugs Overview Table: Category Drug Examples Target Stage Mechanism of Action Notable Side Effects Resistance Issues 4-Aminoquinolines Chloroquine, Amodiaquine Blood schizonts Inhibits heme detoxification (toxic buildup) Retinopathy, pruritus Widespread in P. falciparum 8-Aminoquinolines Primaquine, Tafenoquine Liver hypnozoites, gametocytes Produces reactive oxygen species Hemolysis (G6PD deficiency), GI upset Resistance...

Pharmacology of Renal System and Diuretics Multiple Choice Question 1) Osmotic diuretics are a class of drugs that work by increasing the osmolarity (concentration) of the filtrate in the renal tubules, which inhibits the reabsorption of water and electrolytes such as sodium and chloride. This results in increased urine output and removal of excess fluid from the body. Osmotic diuretics are contraindicated in...........................................? a) Increased intracranial tension b) Increased intraocular tension c) Established acute renal failure d) Poisonings 2) The antidiuretic action of Desmopressin is due to activation of...........................................? a) V 1a receptor b) V 2 receptor c) V 1b receptor d) V1 and V2 receptor 3)Furosemide is a loop diuretic that acts on the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney. Furosemide increases the excretion of all of the following except:  a) Sodium b) Potassium c) Uric acid d) Calcium and ...

Drug for the treatment of gastrointestinal disease  Multiple Choice Question 1) All of the following drugs act by reducing gastric acid secretion, Except: a) Omeprazole b) Famotidine c) Pirenzepine d) Sucralfate 2) The following statement about Omeprazole is true, E xcept: a) It is highly plasma protein-bound b) Its bioavailability is not affected by food c) It is metabolized by the liver d) It provides long-lasting acid suppression 3) Which of the following drugs have an anti-androgenic effect? a) Ranitidine b) Cimetidine c) Famotidine d) Nizatidine 4) All of the following statements about antacid are true, Except: a) Weak bases that neutralize gastric pH b) Inhibits the formation of pepsin c) Aluminum antacids cause diarrhea and magnesium antacids cause constipation d) Aluminum antacids cause constipation and magnesium antacids cause diarrhea 5) The following antiemetic act by blocking D2 receptor in the CTZ: a) Metoclopramide b) Cisapride c) Chlo...