BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are crucial components of the immune system that play a vital role in defending the body against pathogens. Understanding the structure and function of immunoglobulins is essential for comprehending their importance in immune responses. Structure of Immunoglobulins: Immunoglobulins belong to a larger family of proteins called globulins and are characterized by their Y-shaped structure. Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains (H chains) and two identical light chains (L chains). The H chains are further divided into constant (C) and variable (V) regions. The V regions, located at the N-terminal ends of both H and L chains, are highly diverse and form the antigen-binding site of the immunoglobulin. The C regions, found in the middle and C-terminal portions of the H and L chains, are relatively more conserved. Immunoglobulin Function: The primary function of immunoglobulins is to recognize and bind...

Drugs for the treatment of Respiratory Disease Multiple Choice Question (Bronchial asthma, Tuberculosis, Antihistaminic, and Cough therapy) 1) All of the following are selective β2-agonist, except: a) Isoprenaline b) Salbutamol c) Terbutaline d) Formoterol 2) All of the following combinations of drug and their mechanism of action is correct, except: a) Salbutamol: stimulation of β2 receptor causing bronchodilation b) Sodium cromoglicate: mast cell stabilization c) Zafirlukast: leukotriene modulators d) Theophylline: non-selective β2 receptor stimulation causing bronchodilation 3) Which of the following statement about Salmeterol is not true? a) It acts by relaxing muscles in the airways to improve breathing b) It is a short-acting selective β2 agonist c) Salmeterol inhalation is used to prevent asthma attacks d) Salmeterol inhalation is used to treat COPD including emphysema and chronic bronchitis 4) Which of the following inhibits acetylcholine-media...

The complement pathway, a cornerstone of immunology, encompasses distinct types, functions, and disease implications that intricately shape our immune responses. Comprising three main pathways – classical, lectin, and alternative – this system orchestrates a dynamic interplay of interactions to bolster our defenses against infections. The classical pathway is triggered by antigen-antibody complexes, while the lectin pathway responds to pathogen-specific carbohydrates. The alternative pathway, on the other hand, offers a rapid, antibody-independent response. These pathways collectively contribute to opsonization, inflammation, and the formation of membrane attack complexes that eliminate threats. Understanding the complement pathway is pivotal, as deficiencies or dysregulations can lead to various diseases, such as Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) and autoimmune disorders.  Multiple Choice Questions on Complement Pathway and Immune Response  1) Complements ...

                           Multiple choice questions on Fatty acid synthesis 1. In what compartment does the de novo fatty acid synthesis occurs? a) Endoplasmic reticulum b) Cytosol c) Mitochondria d) Perioxosome 2. Which of the following molecules serves as the precursor for fatty acid synthesis? a) Acetyl-CoA b) Glucose c) Malonyl-CoA d) Pyruvate 3. The enzyme responsible for the commitment step in fatty acid synthesis is: a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) b) Fatty acid synthase (FAS) c) Hormone-sensitive lipase d) Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase 4. During fatty acid synthesis, malonyl-CoA is added to the growing fatty acid chain by the enzyme: a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) b) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase c) Fatty acid synthase (FAS) d) Lipoprotein lipase 5. What is the reducing agent used in the fatty acid synthesis pathway? a) FAD+ b) FADH2 c) NAD+ d) NADH 6. Which hormone promotes the activation of acetyl-CoA car...

Multiple Choice Question  on Systemic Mycoses  Visit Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDC) for common types of fungal diseases. Click  https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/index.html 1) All of the following are the characteristics of systemic mycoses / deep mycosis, EXCEPT ? a) Most of the dimorphic fungi cause the infection b) Pathogenesis mostly occurs due to the inhalation of spores c) Opportunistic fungal infections are the only example of deep mycosis d) Aspergillosis and Mucormycoses are the systemic mycoses 2) Which of the following statements is true regarding disseminated blastomycosis? a) It is limited to the lungs. b) It can affect skin, bones, and the central nervous system. c) It only occurs in immunocompromised individuals. d) It cannot be treated with antifungal medications 3)   Coccidioidomycosis has the lesions the same as that of the lesion caused by which of the following bacterial infection? a) Sporotrichosis b) Bruce...