BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACEUTICS

                                MCQs on Smallpox virus (Poxvirus)                  Click World Health Organization (WHO) website for more questions and answers about                                      smallpox:   https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/smallpox                                                       Figure1: cowpox and smallpox pustules 1. Who is credited with the discovery of vaccination using cowpox to protect against smallpox? a) Edward Jenner     b) Jonas Salk c) Louis Pasteur d) Robert Koch 2. Smallpox exists as two distinct subtypes, Variola major and Variola minor. Which su...

                                      MCQ on Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesis 1) Which of the following enzyme is not involved in galactose metabolism? a) Glucokinase b) Galactokinase c) Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl transferase d) UDP-Galactose 4- epimerase 2) Which of the following enzyme is defective in galactosemia (type I) - a fatal genetic disorder in infants? a) Glucokinase b) Galactokinase c) Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl transferase d) UDP-Galactose 4- epimerase 3) In the liver, the accumulation of which of the following metabolite attenuates the inhibitory of ATP on phosphofructokinase? a) Glucose-6-Phosphate b) Citrate c) Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate d) Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate 4) Mutation in which of the following enzymes leads to a glycogen storage disease known as "Tarui’s disease"? a) Glucokinase b) Phosphofructokinase c) Phosphoglucomutase d) Pyruvate Kinase 5) E...

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are crucial components of the immune system that play a vital role in defending the body against pathogens. Understanding the structure and function of immunoglobulins is essential for comprehending their importance in immune responses. Structure of Immunoglobulins: Immunoglobulins belong to a larger family of proteins called globulins and are characterized by their Y-shaped structure. Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains (H chains) and two identical light chains (L chains). The H chains are further divided into constant (C) and variable (V) regions. The V regions, located at the N-terminal ends of both H and L chains, are highly diverse and form the antigen-binding site of the immunoglobulin. The C regions, found in the middle and C-terminal portions of the H and L chains, are relatively more conserved. Immunoglobulin Function: The primary function of immunoglobulins is to recognize and bind...

Drugs for the treatment of Respiratory Disease Multiple Choice Question (Bronchial asthma, Tuberculosis, Antihistaminic, and Cough therapy) 1) All of the following are selective β2-agonist, except: a) Isoprenaline b) Salbutamol c) Terbutaline d) Formoterol 2) All of the following combinations of drug and their mechanism of action is correct, except: a) Salbutamol: stimulation of β2 receptor causing bronchodilation b) Sodium cromoglicate: mast cell stabilization c) Zafirlukast: leukotriene modulators d) Theophylline: non-selective β2 receptor stimulation causing bronchodilation 3) Which of the following statement about Salmeterol is not true? a) It acts by relaxing muscles in the airways to improve breathing b) It is a short-acting selective β2 agonist c) Salmeterol inhalation is used to prevent asthma attacks d) Salmeterol inhalation is used to treat COPD including emphysema and chronic bronchitis 4) Which of the following inhibits acetylcholine-media...

The complement pathway, a cornerstone of immunology, encompasses distinct types, functions, and disease implications that intricately shape our immune responses. Comprising three main pathways – classical, lectin, and alternative – this system orchestrates a dynamic interplay of interactions to bolster our defenses against infections. The classical pathway is triggered by antigen-antibody complexes, while the lectin pathway responds to pathogen-specific carbohydrates. The alternative pathway, on the other hand, offers a rapid, antibody-independent response. These pathways collectively contribute to opsonization, inflammation, and the formation of membrane attack complexes that eliminate threats. Understanding the complement pathway is pivotal, as deficiencies or dysregulations can lead to various diseases, such as Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) and autoimmune disorders.  Multiple Choice Questions on Complement Pathway and Immune Response  1) Complements ...

                           Multiple choice questions on Fatty acid synthesis 1. In what compartment does the de novo fatty acid synthesis occurs? a) Endoplasmic reticulum b) Cytosol c) Mitochondria d) Perioxosome 2. Which of the following molecules serves as the precursor for fatty acid synthesis? a) Acetyl-CoA b) Glucose c) Malonyl-CoA d) Pyruvate 3. The enzyme responsible for the commitment step in fatty acid synthesis is: a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) b) Fatty acid synthase (FAS) c) Hormone-sensitive lipase d) Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase 4. During fatty acid synthesis, malonyl-CoA is added to the growing fatty acid chain by the enzyme: a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) b) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase c) Fatty acid synthase (FAS) d) Lipoprotein lipase 5. What is the reducing agent used in the fatty acid synthesis pathway? a) FAD+ b) FADH2 c) NAD+ d) NADH 6. Which hormone promotes the activation of acetyl-CoA car...